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Ga injiniyoyi da masu gini waɗanda yanzu ke kallon takardar takamaiman bayanai da bayanin aikin, akwai matsala mai natsuwa a ƙarƙashin kanun labarai: babu wanda ya rubuta yadda ake tantance ainihin injin.
Wannan jagorar ita ce ɓangaren da ya ɓace. Yana duba cikin shawarwari guda uku da suka fi muhimmanci yayin zaɓar injin DC (BLDC) mara gogewa don injin ɗaukar nauyi mai ɗaukar nauyi - gina kasafin kuɗin turawa, zaɓar ƙarfin lantarki da KV, da kuma ajiye ma'aunin zafi - tare da lambobin aiki da za ku iya sake amfani da su.
Dalilin da yasa "Babban Multirotor" ke Canza Kowace Dokar Mota da Ka Sani
Daga 700 g FPV zuwa 800 kg Kayan aiki: Ilimin Lissafi Da Ke Juyawa
Na'urar FPV quad mai inci 5 da kuma na'urar octocopter mai ɗaukar nauyi suna da tsarin motsi iri ɗaya - mai matakai uku na gogewa - amma fifikon ƙira yana canzawa yayin da girma ke ƙaruwa.
A kan ƙaramin injin quad, nauyi shine komai, kuma ƙarfin fashewa shine abin da ke cin nasara a tseren. Kuna auna injin don tsira daga fashewar bututun ƙarfe na minti 2, sannan ku sauka. Inganci yana da mahimmanci, amma idan ya tsawaita lokacin tashi na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A kan dandamalin ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, abubuwa uku suna canzawa gaba ɗaya:
- Zagayen aiki yana ci gaba. Jirgin sama mara matuki ko na noma yana shawagi a ƙarƙashin kaya na tsawon mintuna 20, 30, ko 60. "Burst watts" ba shi da mahimmanci - kawai ci gaba watts suna da mahimmanci.
- Matsalar zafi ta mamaye. Injin da zai iya fitar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 3 kW na tsawon daƙiƙa 10 zai iya jure wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 800 W kawai a kowane lokaci kafin maganadisu su lalace. A kan babban na'ura, ƙarfin da ya daɗe yana aiki. is takamaiman bayani.
- Inganci lamba ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga manufa, ba ta yin alfahari ba. Kowace watt da aka rasa saboda zafi watt ɗaya ce, dole ne a ɗauke ta a cikin ƙarfin batir sannan a yi ta yawo a kusa. Ƙasa da kimanin gram 500 na kayan aiki, ƙarancin kashi na inganci yana da kyau. Sama da kilogiram 20, yana yanke shawara ko aikin zai yiwu.
Dalilin da yasa Nauyin Lif yake Matsarwa zuwa Yawan Ƙwayoyin Halitta
Akwai dalilin da ya sa masana'antar ke matsawa zuwa ga tsarin tuƙi mai ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma: asarar jan ƙarfe. Ƙarfin da aka rasa a cikin naɗaɗɗen ma'auni yana auna murabba'in wutar lantarki (I²R). Ga wani fitarwa na wutar lantarki, ninka ƙarfin lantarki yana raba wutar lantarki - wanda ke rage asarar juriya da kashi huɗu.
A 500 W, wutar lantarki ƙarama ce sosai har ba ta da wani tasiri. A 50 kW, bambanci ne tsakanin injin da ke aiki da sanyi a inganci 92% da kuma wanda ke mayar da kwata na batirinka zuwa zafi. Babban adadin ƙwayoyin halitta (14S, 18S, 20S da ƙari) su ne yadda masu ginin ɗaukar nauyi ke siyan wannan ingancin.
Kasafin Kuɗin Biya-da-Tsara: Yi Wannan Da Farko
Manufofin turawa zuwa nauyi ta nau'in manufa
Kafin ka duba injin guda ɗaya, ka lissafa turar da kake buƙata. Dokar tana da sauƙi amma ana yawan tsallake ta: jimlar turar da ake da ita dole ne ta wuce nauyin gaba ɗaya (AUW) cikin sauƙi, tare da iyakance iyaka ta abin da jirgin zai yi.
| Nau'in manufa | Mafi ƙarancin rabon turawa-zuwa-nauyi | Me ya sa |
|---|---|---|
| Yanayi mai natsuwa / mai shawagi kawai | 1.0–1.2: 1 | Mafi ƙarancin gudu; babu gefen motsa jiki, babu gefen iska |
| Kyamara / Taswirar (tashi mai sauƙi) | 1.5–1.8: 1 | Yana jure iska mai sauƙi da hawan dutse mai sarrafawa |
| Feshi na noma / isar da kaya | 1.8–2.2: 1 | Canjin kaya, iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma maimaita zagayowar hawa |
| Amsar gaggawa / iska mai ƙarfi / tsayi mai tsayi | 2.2–2.5: 1 ko fiye | Ajiye don yanayin lalacewa da yanayin fita daga mota ɗaya |
Wani muhimmin bambanci: raguwar matsin lamba tare da tsayi da zafin jiki. Iska mai siriri tana nufin cewa propeller ɗin yana samar da ƙarancin matsin lamba a daidai RPM ɗaya, kuma iska mai zafi tana sa injin da kuma tsarin jirgin ƙasa su zama marasa inganci. Idan kana aiki sama da mita 2,000 ko a cikin zafin 40°C, rage ƙarfin da kake tsammani da kashi 10-20% kafin ma ka fara zaɓar kayan aiki.
Misali: Na'urar Rotor Mai Nauyin 100kg
Bari mu gina kasafin kuɗi don dandamalin ɗaukar kaya mai nauyi wanda ke ɗauke da nauyin kilogiram 100 tare da firam ɗin jirgin sama mai nauyin kilogiram 25 da batirin kilogiram 20, don nauyin kilogiram 145 gaba ɗaya.
- Zaɓi rabon da aka nufa. Don isar da kaya muna buƙatar 2.0:1, wanda ke ba da 290 kgf (kimanin 2,845 N) na jimlar ƙarfin da ake buƙata.
- Zaɓi adadin rotor. Octocopter yana yaɗa wannan a cikin injuna 8 — 36.25 kgf (kimanin 356 N) a kowace mota a gefen juyi mai ƙarfi.
- Derate don yanayi. Muna aiki a tsayin mita 1,800 da kuma yanayin zafi, muna ɗauka cewa ƙarfin gaske shine kashi 85% na ƙimar da aka kimanta. Don haka muna buƙatar injinan da aka kimanta na kimanin kilogiram 43 kowanne. a kan propeller muna da niyyar tashi.
- Tabbatar da inganci. A wannan matsin, injin dole ne ya zauna kusa da inda yake aiki mafi kyau - ba a gefen ambulan ba - don haka zai yi sanyi ta cikin na'urar juyawa ta minti 30.
Sai bayan an gyara wannan kasafin kuɗi ne ƙarfin lantarki da KV suka zama zaɓuɓɓuka masu ma'ana.
KV, Voltage, da kuma Direct Drive: Ainihin Ciniki
Babban KV da Babban Wutar Lantarki: Lissafi a Kalmomi Masu Sauƙi
KV shine RPM ɗin da injin ke fitarwa a kowace volt. Kuskuren da aka saba gani shine ɗaukar KV a matsayin ƙimar "ƙarfi" ko "inganci" - ba ɗaya bane. KV sigar daidaitawa ce : tana gaya maka adadin RPM da kake samu a kowace volt, wanda ke ƙayyade adadin propeller da tantanin halitta da suka haɗu da kyau.
Don ɗagawa mai nauyi, lissafin nasara yawanci shine ƙarancin KV + babban ƙarfin lantarki + manyan propellers masu juyawa a hankali. Manyan kayan tallafi suna da inganci wajen samar da matsin lamba mai tsayawa fiye da ƙananan masu sauri - suna motsa iska mai yawa a hankali, wanda shine ainihin abin da mai shawagi da ɗagawa ke so. Motar ƙarancin KV tana ba ku damar juya babban kayan tallafi a cikin ingantaccen RPM ɗinsa ba tare da buƙatar ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin halitta ko akwatin gear ba.
Me zai hana a yi amfani da KV kawai a juya ƙaramin prop da sauri? Domin turawa suna aunawa da yankin prop da saurin iska, yayin da ja da asarar sauti ke ƙaruwa da sauri tare da saurin tip. Ƙananan prop masu sauri suna ɓatar da kuzari suna motsa iska; manyan prop masu jinkiri suna tura ƙarin nauyi a kowace watt.
Lokacin da Drive ɗin Kai Tsaye Ya Yi Nasara (da Lokacin da Bai Yi Ba)
Tuki kai tsaye - shaft ɗin mota yana tuƙa farfela kai tsaye, babu akwatin gear - shine tsoho na zamani saboda dalili:
- Ƙananan maki na gazawa. Babu giya da za a cire, babu bel ɗin da za a zame ko a ɗaure a tsakiyar aikin.
- Ƙarancin kulawa. Ƙananan sassa masu motsi na nufin rage farashin sabis, musamman a cikin jiragen ruwa.
- Ingantaccen aminci don dogon juriya. Akwatin gear abu ne da ke samar da zafi da lalacewa; tuƙi kai tsaye yana cire duka biyun.
Rashin ƙarfin tuƙi kai tsaye shine yana iyakance ku ga saurin propeller da injin ke samarwa ta halitta. Ga manyan kayan aiki masu saurin gudu (yi tunanin manyan ƙirar na'ura mai juyawa ɗaya ko na karkatarwa), tuƙin rage gudu har yanzu yana da ma'ana. Amma ga tsarin na'ura mai juyawa da yawa da yawancin masu ginawa masu ɗaukar nauyi ke amfani da su, tuƙi kai tsaye kusan koyaushe shine mafi tsafta.
Ma'aunin zafi: Lambar da Babu Wanda Ya Kasafta Kudi Don
Watts masu ci gaba da fashewa: Abin da Takardar Bayani ke Ɓoyewa
Wannan ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen gina manyan motoci masu nauyi. Shafin tallan motoci zai nuna ƙarfinsa mafi girma - adadin da zai iya bugawa na 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan kafin ya fara girki. Abin da ake buƙata na tsawon mintuna 30 na hawa sama shine ci gaba da ƙima, kuma koyaushe yana ƙasa da haka.
Tazarar da ke tsakanin fashewa da ci gaba kusan gaba ɗaya ta hanyar yadda injin ke zubar da zafi. Zafi a cikin BLDC yana fitowa ne daga asarar jan ƙarfe (resistance na yanzu² ×) da asarar ƙarfe (eddy currents da hysteresis a cikin stator). Wannan zafin dole ne ya tafi wani wuri - ta cikin windings, zuwa cikin stator, kuma ya fita ta cikin kararrawa ko hanyar sanyaya. Idan ka ja wutar lantarki mai ci gaba fiye da yadda hanyar zafi za ta iya ƙi, windings da magnets suna hawa cikin zafin jiki har sai wani abu ya lalace.
Matsayin Magnet, Ingancin Na'urar Juyawa, da Yanayi: Rufinku na Gaskiya
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi watsi da su a kan injin ɗaukar kaya mai nauyi shine matakin maganadisu da kuma ƙimar zafinsa . Motoci masu arha galibi suna amfani da neodymium na N-grade wanda ke rasa kwararar ruwa har abada sama da kusan 80°C. Yi amfani da shi da zafi, kuma yana raguwa har abada - yanzu yana buƙatar ƙarin wutar lantarki don samar da irin wannan ƙarfin, wanda ke sa ya ƙara zafi, a cikin mummunan zagaye wanda ke ƙarewa da rashin aiki mai kyau.
Don ɗaukar nauyi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, dagewa kan ma'aunin maganadisu mai ƙarfi (ƙarfe M, H, SH) waɗanda ke riƙe da ƙarfinsu a 100°C, 120°C, ko ma 150°C. Bambancin farashi ƙanƙanta ne; bambancin da ke cikin aminci mai ɗorewa yana da yawa.
Ingancin na'urar lanƙwasa yana da mahimmanci iri ɗaya: jan ƙarfe mai cike da ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi daidai gwargwado tare da ingantaccen rufi yana ɗaukar ƙarin wutar lantarki mai ci gaba ba tare da ƙara zafi ba. Na'urar lanƙwasa mara kyau tana jiran faruwa.
A ƙarshe, zafin yanayi shigarwa ce ta aji ɗaya, ba tunani na baya ba. Injin da ya tsira daga gwajin juyi na 25°C zai gaza a cikin aikin da aka yi a filin 40°C. Rage nauyi mai ci gaba idan yanayi ya tashi, kuma ƙara iska mai sanyaya inda aikin ya ba shi damar yin hakan.
Dokar Yankewar Zafi Mai Amfani
Bayan an yi amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki, a duba zafin injin. Idan za ka iya riƙe hannunka a kan kararrawa na tsawon daƙiƙa da yawa ba tare da jin daɗi ba, wataƙila yana cikin amintaccen madauri don maganadisu mai kyau. Idan ya yi zafi sosai don taɓawa bayan minti ɗaya, kana musanya kowace tashi da ɗan ƙarfi na dindindin - rage nauyin kayan aiki, inganta iskar iska, ko matsawa zuwa mafi girman matakin maganadisu.
Daidaita Motoci-ESC-Prop don Ɗagawa, Ba Gudu ba
Diamita da kuma farati don matsewa a tsaye
Ana zaɓar masu ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi don matsin lamba da inganci , ba don babban gudu ba. Wannan yana nufin babban diamita, ƙaramin bugun gudu, da ƙarin ruwan wukake lokacin da aka takaita RPM. Babban abin jan hankali mai jinkiri koyaushe yana ɗaga ƙaramin abu mai sauri a irin wannan ƙarfin - har zuwa inda saurin tip ɗin ya yi yawa har ja da hayaniya su cinye ribar.
Dokar daidaitawa: zaɓi kayan haɗin farko (bisa ga girman da ake da shi da kuma ƙarfin da ake buƙata), sannan zaɓi adadin injin KV da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke jujjuya kayan haɗin a cikin madaidaicin rukunin RPM ɗinsa. Yin ƙoƙarin yin hakan ta wata hanyar - zaɓar injin "mai ƙarfi" sannan a tilasta kayan haɗin a kai - shine yadda za ku sauka a kusurwar da ba ta da inganci, zafi, da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci na taswirar aiki.
Sashen Kai da Gyaran Zafi na ESC
Zaɓi ESC mai ƙimar wutar lantarki mai ci gaba da akalla kashi 25-30% fiye da yadda ake tsammani. ESCs kuma suna raguwa a cikin zafi da yawan ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma ESC da ya gaza a kan babban dandamali jirgin sama ne da ya faɗi, ba kayan wasa da ya lalace ba. Ba wa kanka riba ta gaske.
FAQ
Menene kyakkyawan rabon turawa-zuwa-nauyi ga jirgin sama mara matuki mai ɗaukar kaya?
Don aikin kaya ko aikin noma, yi nufin 1.8–2.2:1. Don amsawar gaggawa, tsayi mai tsayi, ko aikin iska mai ƙarfi, tura zuwa 2.2–2.5:1 ko fiye. Koyaushe rage matsin lamba da ake tsammani don tsayi da zafin jiki kafin a kammala zaɓin motar.
Shin ina buƙatar saitin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi don jirgin sama mara matuki?
Kusan tabbas, da zarar an ci gaba da amfani da wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki za ta shiga cikin kewayon kilowatt. Babban ƙarfin lantarki yana rage wutar lantarki ga wani ƙarfin da aka bayar, wanda ke rage asarar jan ƙarfe (wanda ke ƙaruwa da murabba'in wutar lantarki) kuma yana sa motar ta kasance mai sanyaya kuma mafi inganci. Adadin tantanin halitta ya dogara da kasafin kuɗin turawa da zaɓin kayan aiki, amma babban ƙarfin lantarki da ƙarancin KV shine haɗin da aka saba amfani da shi don ɗaga nauyi.
Nawa ne kudin motar drone mai ɗaukar kaya?
Babu lamba ɗaya - ya dogara da ci gaba da ƙarfi, matakin maganadisu, da ingancin gini. Tambaya mafi amfani ita ce jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa a kowane aiki, gami da maye gurbin mota daga lalacewar zafi. Motar da ke da maganadisu masu jure zafi yadda ya kamata na iya tsada a gaba amma tana daɗewa a ƙarƙashin kaya mai ci gaba fiye da madadin KV mai araha wanda ke raguwa a cikin lokaci. Ga jiragen samar da kayayyaki, matakin maganadisu da ƙimar da ta ci gaba sun fi ƙarancin farashin sitika.
X-TEAM ta ƙera injinan DC marasa gogewa tun daga shekarar 2007, tana samar da injinan da suka dace, masu jure zafi don jiragen sama marasa matuƙa, RC, FPV, UAV, masana'antu, da aikace-aikacen likita. Idan ka ƙayyade injin mai ɗaga nauyi, duba bayan lambar ƙarfin kololuwa kuma ka tambaya game da ƙimar ci gaba, matakin maganadisu, da daidaitawar ƙarfin lantarki. Bincika cikakken kewayon a www.x-teamrc.com.